Frugal Food

'At a time when money worries are front-page news,' say the publishers of Delia Smith's Frugal Food, 'Britain's most trusted cook is once again on hand with a wide range of tasty recipes that are cheap and easy to prepare.' There is, however, a serious side to all this economy gastronomy. The link between the economy, unemployment, poverty and the nation's health has been, and remains, one of the most ideologically contested areas of public health policy. As many of us are forced to tighten our belts financially we are simultaneously made to feel guilty for filling up on cheap, high-sugar, high-fat convenience foods and not pre-soaking our pulses or being creative with leftovers. The heightened language of moral panic over Britain's current 'obesity epidemic' sells newspapers, books and TV programmes. Who is to blame? Individuals? The government? The food industry?

G.C.M. M'Gonigle (1888-1939) was Medical Officer of Health (MOH) for Stockton on Tees at the height of the inter-war economic depression.^[1] His personal papers are held in the Wellcome Library and have just been catalogued (Ref. PP/GMG). M'Gonigle would have had little truck with the victim-blaming attitude that characterises much current media coverage of Britain's poor diet. Although it was the official view of the Ministry of Health during the 1930s that it was ignorance of food values and cooking, not poverty, that resulted in poor nutrition, M'Gonigle argued that this was not only 'untrue' but that it also 'cast an undeserved slur upon the capacity of the working-class housewife.'^[2] For M'Gonigle, it was poverty, not ignorance, that led to malnutrition. White flour, sugar and margarine then, as now, were cheap and filling. M'Gonigle became well-known for his views, and was much in demand as a writer, commentator and broadcaster.

He has also been name-checked by historians who have debated whether the 1930s were 'healthy' or 'hungry' and whether the medical profession responded adequately to the economic crisis. Charles Webster cited M'Gonigle's relationship with the Ministry of Health as an example of the harassment meted out to individual MOHs who were at variance with the Ministry line. ^[3] For Jane Lewis, M'Gonigle was one of the very few MOHs who proved immediately receptive to the ideas of social medicine and his attitudes were 'far in advance' of the vast majority of his colleagues.^[4]

The 18 boxes of M'Gonigle's papers that are now available will, for the first time, allow researchers to examine the man and his views in more depth. They contain a series of correspondence and subject files, including several that cast light on his relationship with the Ministry of Health; published and unpublished writings and press-cuttings. In addition to M'Gonigle's views on nutrition, the papers contain useful material on a number of other inter-war public health issues, including maternity and child welfare, school health, housing and birth control. They include, for example, M'Gonigle's personal set of papers of the Inter-departmental Committee on Abortion (the Birkett Committee).

Those bored with Delia's 'poor man's cassoulet' (which she recommends making with a well-known brand of rather pricey organic sausages, by the way) may also find inspiration in Family Meals and Catering, a controvesial leaflet of recipes produced in 1935 by the BMA's Nutrition Committee, of which M'Gonigle was an active member. ‘Minced meat roly’ followed by ‘rusks and jam’, anyone? <sup>[5]

[1]</sup> For more biographical information see Susan McLaurin, ‘M'Gonigle, George Cuthbert Mura (1889–1939),’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004) [available by subscription at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/60875].
^[2] G.C.M. M’Gonigle, Nutrition: the position in England to-day (London: Industrial Christian Fellowship, 1936), p.10. (Wellcome Library: PP/GMG/E/14).
^[3] Charles Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', History Workshop Journal (1982, vol. 13, no. 1) p.112.
^[4] Jane Lewis, What Price Community Medicine?: the philosophy, practice, and politics of public health since 1919 (Brighton : Wheatsheaf, 1986), p.33.
^[5] File on the 'BMA Nutrition Committee' (Wellcome Library: PP/GMG/B/17); see also related records of the BMA (Wellcome Library: SA/BMA/G.44-53; SA/BMA/G.54-55).

Author: Jennifer Haynes

Latvian Arts & Crafts Exhibition of 1937

Illustration: Latvian Arts & Crafts Exhibition Catalogue, 1937.

1937 saw the first Latvian Arts & Crafts Exhibition. It was held for a month between February and March and was organised by the Chamber of Crafts and Trades. Like most exhibitions of this kind, there were various and sometimes not always immediately apparant reasons for the exhibition. One of the more obvious reasons was as a showcase to highlight home produced modern art and crafts. This inevitably gave the country an opportunityto emphasise to the world at large that they were aware of and part of the contemporary world of art and design. This was more acute as regards Latvia which had only been independent from the Russian Empire for a matter of twenty years. It gave the vulnerable small European state with its now hugely volatile Soviet neighbour, the opportunity to highlight its independence to the rest of Europe. However, there was also ample room to advertise and promote the long history of traditional crafts and the unique contribution of Latvia to art and design. But like many of these exhibitions, it was also hoped that some form of trade would result from the publicity.

The exhibition also highlighted the contemporary work of Latvian artists, craftsman and architects. There was a strong showing by makers of textiles, with an emphasis on weaving skills, and also included wood carving, metalwork, jewellery, and ceramics.

The actual printed catalogue that was produced for the exhibition, contained over two hundred pictures of home produced objects and had an in depth introduction to Latvian arts and crafts, both contemporary and traditional, and a number of supporting essays by various professionals.

This must have been a difficult time for Latvia politically and culturally. It was literally wedged in between the Soviet and Nazi spheres and would have had difficulty treading a path between the two opposing though mutually dogmatic systems. The Arts & Crafts Exhibition of 1937 gave Latvia a chance to underline their distinctive and unique culture which was independent of both the dominating Russian and German cultures. By emphasising not only the contemporary, but the long history of traditional crafts of the country, Latvia must have hoped to be recognised on the international stage as having a legitimate and memorable European identity, rather than, as the Soviet regime saw them, an aberration that would be re-incorporated into Russia at the earliest opportunity.

The hoped for heightened profile didn't work. After a mere twenty years of independence, Latvia was re-occupied by the Russians, only to be occupied by the Germans a year later and then re-occupied by the Russians again three years later. The Russians were to stay for the next forty five years.

Further reading links:
Latvian Heritage - Culture, History, Perspectives
Lonely Planet Estonia Latvia & Lithuania (Multi Country Guide)
Exile From Latvia: My WWII Childhood - From Survival to Opportunity
The Food and Cooking of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania: Traditions, Ingredients, Tastes and Techniques in 60 Classic Recipes
Latvia, 5th (Bradt Travel Guide)
A Joy Forever: Latvian Weaving: Traditional and Modified Uses
Latvian Mittens: Traditional Designs & Techniques
LATVIAN DREAMS, Knitting From Weaving Charts
Latvian Weaving Techniques
Folk Knitting in Estonia: A Garland of Symbolism, Tradition and Technique (Folk Knitting series)