Illustration: English crewelwork.
Crewelwork, or perhaps a more technically accurate phrase would be crewel embroidery, is a distinct technique of embroidery that has a long history in Europe, and in England can trace its history back to the construction of the Bayeux tapestry and beyond.
Although crewelwork often used outlined compositional aids in order to guide the stitching, it could equally be constructed without any guides, or only basic and roughly drawn guides, allowing the crewel worker an element of creative freedom, adding details as they progressed.
Illustration: Motif for embroidered crewelwork, 17th century.
Crewel embroidery was usually produced using wool rather than cotton or silk, which separates it from the main embroidery medium, though this does not make it unique. Even though the woollen yarn used was fine in comparison to general wool yarn use, the wool still gave a much thicker stitch producing a raised aspect to the finished embroidery, which gave it its unique style. However, because of the thickness of the yarn an embroidery hoop or frame was needed in order to maintain an even tension so that the yarn did not distort the base fabric.
Probably the best examples of English crewelwork were that produced during the Jacobean period, the first part of the seventeenth century. Some examples are luckily still with us. They give us an insight into the high quality and standard that was regularly achieved by the women who produced these historical gems of embroidery. It is a tribute to them that we still admire these Jacobean crewel work pieces four hundred years after they were first produced.
Illustration: Leaf motif for embroidered crewelwork, 17th century.
Much of the crewelwork was created for domestic settings. Bedroom furnishings were particularly popular and most large country houses had crewelwork bed hangings and covers that were being used generations after their creation. Crewelwork was also used to a certain extent in clothing, with crewel-embroidered jackets being popular for both sexes at the beginning of the seventeenth century.
English crewelwork had at its root the decorative theme of the natural world of flora and fauna. Much of the work consisted of stylised flowers, leaves and trees. These could take the form of landscapes, with forest hunting scenes being particularly popular. However, some of the decorative work was much more complex and intertwined, using highly stylised flowers and leaves, giving a rich and detailed surface to the fabric.
Illustration: Leaf motif for embroidered crewelwork, 17th century.
This form of Jacobean crewelwork became inspirational to many who used embroidery within the nineteenth century Arts & Crafts movement. William Morris and his daughter May produced an element of their embroidered, printed and woven textile work that used this traditional and highly stylised English decorative art as its inspiration. It was its distinctive rural Englishness that seemed to appeal to the Morris's and the Arts & Crafts movement in general. The love of the English natural world was a magnet to the creative craft makers of the later nineteenth century. The high standards of hand production achieved by English Jacobean crewelwork deeply impressed them and the combination of the two meant that this form of crewelwork featured across the English Arts & Crafts movement for much of life of the movement.
Illustration: Peter Saltonstall wearing an embroidered crewelwork jacket, 1610.
English Embroidery Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries: Collections of the Royal Ontario Museum
Early American Crewel Design (International Design Library)
Crewel embroidered bed hangings in old and New England (Boston Museum Bulletin)
American Crewelwork
Complete Book of Embroidery: Includes Crewelwork, Goldwork, Ribbon Embroidery, and Embellishments
American Crewelwork Stitches of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Crewelwork (Essential Stitch Guide)
Beginner's Guide to Crewel Embroidery
Encyclopedia of Embroidery Stitches, Including Crewel
The New Crewel: Exquisite Designs in Contemporary Embroidery
Early American Crewel Design (International Design Library)
American Crewelwork: Stitches of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Introduction to Crewel Embroidery (Master Craftsmen)
The crewel book: Stitchery that gets down to basics (The Royal-craft library)
Pleasures of crewel;: A book of elementary to elegant stitches and new embroidery designs (The Betty Crocker home library)
